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Bus Boycott Activists of The Civil Rights Movement
It was on December 1st 1955 that a woman by the name of Rosa Parks refused to follow bus driver James Blake’s demands regarding giving up her seat to a…
Bobby Seale
Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, cofounded the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, in 1966. Seale, Bobby (b. October 22, 1936, Dallas, Tex.), political and social activist in the 1960s,…
Cleaver, Eldridge Leroy
Cleaver, Eldridge Leroy, (1935-1998), African American writer, political activist, and former minister of information for the Black Panther Party. Cleaver was born in Wabbaseka, Arkansas. After growing up in Wabbaseka…
Huey P. Newton
Newton, Huey P. (b. February 17, 1942, New Orleans, La.; d. August 22, 1989, Oakland, Calif.), cofounder of the American black nationalist organization, the Black Panther Party. Huey Newton grew…
Malcolm X: Impact on Black Politics
Ironically, Malcolm X made a bigger impact on black politics and culture dead than alive. The Watts Rebellion occurred and the Black Power Movement emerged just months after his death,…
Malcolm X: A Story with a Twist
Malcolm X was a powerful and influential speaker. This excerpt, from a speech in April 1964, clearly and directly expresses his views about the status of black people in American…
NOI: Nation of Islam
Nation of Islam, religious movement based on black separatism, founded in approximately 1930 in Detroit, Michigan. The Nation of Islam (NOI) was established in Detroit, at the beginning of the…
Black Panther Party
Black Panther Party, a militant black political organization originally known as the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. The Black Panther Party (BPP) was founded in Oakland, California, by Huey Newton…
Council of Federated Organizations
Council of Federated Organizations or COFO, umbrella organization composed of various civil rights groups working independently in Mississippi. In February 1962, fearing that the divisiveness among various civil rights organizations…
Congress of Racial Equality
Congress of Racial Equality or CORE, American civil rights organization that pioneered the strategy of nonviolent direct action, especially the tactics of sit-ins, jail-ins, and Freedom Rides. The Congress of…
Deacons for Defense and Justice
Deacons for Defense and Justice, a black organization established to protect civil rights workers against the Ku Klux Klan. The Deacons for Defense and Justice, a group of African American…
Highlander Folk School
Highlander Folk School (Highlander Research and Education Center), interracial adult education center in Mounteagle, Tennessee, where some of the most important figures of the Civil Rights Movement studied. In 1932…
Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
The name, rituals, and some of the attitudes of the original Ku Klux Klan were adopted by a new fraternal organization incorporated in Georgia in 1915. The official name of…
Ku Klux Klan: The Decline
The U.S. Supreme Court ruling on May 17, 1954, that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional (see Brown v. Board of Education), stirred the Klan into new attempts at…
Ku Klux Klan: Targets & Tactics
The Klansmen regarded the Reconstruction governments as hostile and oppressive and resented the rise of former slaves to a status of civil equality and often to positions of political power….
Leadership Conference on Civil Rights
Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, an important American lobbying organization for civil rights legislation in the last half of the 20th century. The Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR) was…
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, primarily African American political organization formed to protest racial exclusion by the all-white Mississippi Democratic Party at the Democratic National Convention in 1964. At an April…
Montgomery Improvement Association
Montgomery Improvement Association, group formed by African American leaders in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955 to organize and sponsor the Montgomery Bus Boycott. In 1955, following the arrest of Rosa Parks…
